Captain Fuchida Mitsuo 淵田 美津雄

Captain Fuchida Mitsuo will forever be remembered for the leading part he played in a pivotal moment of world history. It was he who led the first wave of planes into the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941. He was instrumental in one of the greatest victories in the military history of Japan. Additionally, after the war, he would win another type of victory, a moral victory, in setting an example that helped many Americans see Japan in a new way and to realize that the Japanese were not enemies but valued friends. He was born on December 3, 1902 in Nara Prefecture and from early in life was filled with the zeal of a patriot who wanted to serve his country and the Emperor. In 1921 he enrolled at the naval academy in Etajima, Hiroshima and was passed as a midshipman in 1924. While there he befriended a brilliant fellow classmate, Genda Minoru, who would be the one to plan the intricate attack on Pearl Harbor two decades later.

Ensign Fuchida chose to specialize in naval aviation and as he worked his way up the chain of command, becoming a lieutenant by 1930, he was especially expert at horizontal bombing. His skill was so great that he was chosen to be an instructor in this field later in 1936. In the meantime, however, he gained his first combat experience during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1929, serving on the aircraft carrier Kaga and leading bombing missions in the Hankow region while stationed at Nanking. Further promotions and different assignments followed and he was also accepted into the Naval Staff College. In 1939, by then Lieutenant Commander Fuchida was transferred to the aircraft carrier Akagi, a ship that would always be special to him. In October of 1941 he was promoted to full Commander in charge of the Akagi's air group. When it became known that he would lead the attack on Pearl Harbor if a peaceful settlement with the United States could not be reached, he was honored. He knew the United States had Japan outmatched in military terms but was confident that Germany would win the war in Europe and that would enable Japan to win in Asia.

He trained his pilots diligently for the operation and on the morning of December 7 led them into the home base of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Everything went exceedingly well. The American forces were taken by complete surprise and the U.S. fleet in Pearl Harbor was decimated. Commander Fuchida returned to the Akagi to wild cheers for the part he had played in the victory. Privately, however, he was disappointed that Admiral Nagumo decided to withdraw rather than sending in a third attack wave to destroy the naval infrastructure facilities. The problem was that no American carriers were found at Pearl and Admiral Nagumo was concerned that if they should appear while his planes were attacking Hawaii, the Japanese fleet could be wiped out. In any event, the victory had been great enough on its own and Commander Fuchida was a genuine war hero. Upon his return to Japan he was summoned to the Imperial Palace for an audience with the Emperor. Later, Commander Fuchida recalled how interested His Majesty was in the details of his report and that he was very concerned about any American civilian casualties. Fuchida assured His Majesty that no civilian areas were hit during the attack.

With the Greater East Asian War underway, Commander Fuchida participated in the bombing attacks on Darwin, Australia. Later he served with great success in the air attacks on British naval bases at Ceylon. He was wounded at the pivotal Battle of Midway, preventing him from flying afterwards and when the Akagi sank he broke both his ankles in an explosion. Afterwards, he served for the remainder of the war as a staff officer and in 1944 was promoted to captain. He was in Hiroshima the day before the atomic bomb was dropped for a naval conference but was called back to Tokyo on the day of the attack. The day after Hiroshima was destroyed, he was sent to the city to report on the damage. Everyone else in his party would eventually die of radiation poisoning but Captain Fuchida was spared. When the end of the war came, Captain Fuchida was most enraged by the last-minute declaration of war by Soviet Russia. It was a dishonorable "stab in the back" that he would never forget and it encouraged him to join with the rebel faction that wished to continue the war. However, he was able to speak to HIH Prince Takamatsu who told him that it was the will of the Emperor that there be peace and this convinced Fuchida, dutiful above all else, to accept the surrender. It probably saved his life.

After the war, things were difficult for him as they were for almost everyone. He resented the occupation and the Tokyo War Crimes Trials where he was called to testify. However, he also heard first hand accounts from close friends that caused him to see his old enemy in a new way. He heard from men who had been captured that the Americans had not tortured them and one group talked about a girl volunteer who helped take care of them even though her parents had been killed by the Japanese during the fighting in The Philippines where they had been working as missionaries. The story of an American veteran of the "Doolittle Raid" who had been captured by Japanese forces but who bore no ill-will toward his captors also intrigued him. After being introduced to Christianity, he began to study the religion further and in 1949, after reading the Bible completely for himself, Captain Fuchida converted to Christianity (Protestant Evangelical). This set his life on a new course from that time on.

Captain Fuchida came to be widely known in the Christian evangelical movement in Japan and the United States. He traveled extensively in America and became friends with the America's most famous evangelist Billy Graham. His story touched the hearts of Americans who had been taught during the war to view the Japanese as wicked and treacherous enemies. That a man like Captain Fuchida could become a Christian and view them as his brothers and sisters illustrated that they had allowed hatred to overcome them. This man from the outside had showed them what they should have known all along and Captain Fuchida became very famous and beloved in the Christian evangelical community in the United States. He also visited Europe and was horrified by the stories of the poverty and oppression from the other side of the "Iron Curtain". It reinforced his view that communism was a fundamentally evil doctrine, in the eyes of man and God alike. Although he lived in the United States for a time, Captain Fuchida lost none of his old loyalties. He said, "When I became a Christian, I remained a patriot of Japan. I still love my country and my people." He worked to convert people to Christianity all over the world and hoped for peace but he knew that the nature of man would mean war would not go away and so he also stated that he thought Japan should have its own nuclear weapons to deter any acts of aggression by other powers.

Fuchida Mitsuo died in Kashiwara on May 30, 1976 after a lifetime of dedicated and successful service. As a naval officer, he had served his country to the best of his ability and contributed to some of the greatest victories in Japanese military history. As an evangelist he had won hundreds of converts to Christianity by his sincerity and powerful personal story. His devotion, to his country and his God also helped to heal the wounds of war and bring Japan and the United States closer together on a personal level. From start to finish his life had been one of service and he pursued every goal, in war or peace, with zealous dedication.

Submarine Hero Kinashi Takakazu 木梨 鷹一

Human beings are very fond of ‘keeping score’. This is as true in warfare as it is in sports or other civilian activities. We rank tank commanders by how many enemy tanks they destroy, fighter pilots by how many planes they shoot down or, with submarine commanders, how much tonnage of enemy shipping they sent to the bottom of the sea. Lieutenant Commander Kinashi Takakazu (or in western order; Takakazu Kinashi) was a submarine captain of the Imperial Japanese Navy, yet, his name will not be found in any top ranking of “ace” submarine commanders based on the amount of tonnage he sank. However, sometimes a submarine commander gains fame for accomplishing a particularly difficult or dangerous goal, for sinking some major enemy warship or something which, in some way, gains attention for breaking some sort of record. This is the category that Commander Kinashi fits into. In fact, he never really knew just how incredible was the success he won in his military career. Nonetheless, he earned a place in naval history and a legendary status among the ranks of the submariners of the world for his achievement. It is unfortunate that he never knew just how famous he would become.

Kinashi Takakazu was born on March 7, 1902 in Usuki, Oita Prefecture on the southern island of Kyushu in the Empire of Japan. After a fairly typical childhood, he decided on a career in the navy as a young man. Looking only at the start of his military career, no one would have expected him to rise to greatness. He studied and trained at the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy and graduated at the very bottom of his class, the very last of 255 cadets in 1920. After this less than impressive academic performance, his career path had nothing to do with submarines as he served as a passed midshipman on several cruisers on training exercises. From 1924 to 1925 he traveled around the Pacific stopping in at such places as Acapulco, Mexico, San Francisco, California, Vancouver, British Columbia and Hawaii. He received his promotion to ensign before returning to Japan where he underwent training in torpedoes and naval artillery. He was a dedicated and dutiful young officer but still did not seem to be at all exceptional. In 1926 he was promoted to lieutenant and assigned to the destroyer Harukaze. It was only after that assignment that he began to think about submarine service.

The following year, Kinashi volunteered for sub duty and gained important experience serving on the I-54, I-61 and I-66. It was certainly something different but he still did not stand out all that much and returned to the surface fleet to serve on a river gunboat in China (at the time, various foreign powers maintained naval vessels on the major rivers in China). He also served on the destroyer Fubuki and by December of 1937 had been promoted to lieutenant commander and posted to the minelayer Okinoshima, hardly a prestigious assignment. For any young naval officer of the time, serving on a battleship was always the most sought-after posting and, perhaps discouraged by his position in the surface fleet, Kinashi transferred back to the submarines. In 1938 he was finally given command of his own boat, becoming captain of the RO-59. The RO-type boats were smaller, second class coastal submarines that were largely neglected by the naval high command but, at least, it was a place to start. In 1940 Commander Kinashi was transferred to the Submarine Warfare School but this proved only temporary as six month later he was back at sea as captain of the I-3 until November of 1940 when he was given command of the RO-34 on which he served until July of 1941. The I-3 was one of the earliest ‘cruiser’ type submarines, a J1-type, which was later converted into a transport. The RO-34 was one of the first medium subs (a K5-type) since the 1920’s and would see service later in the war but with no success.

When Japan went to war with the United States (and others) in December of 1941, Kinashi was captain of the I-62 (later I-162), a small KD4-type sub that had some success in the Dutch East Indies and the Indian Ocean. However, Kinashi was soon transferred to command the I-19 where he would gain his greatest fame. This came during the titanic struggle for the island of Guadalcanal, perhaps the most pivotal land engagement of the Pacific War and coming on the heels of the stunning defeat for Japan at the Battle of Midway which had decimated the Imperial Navy. The fight for Guadalcanal was to be a turning point and Japan threw everything possible into defending the island which they had invaded in early 1942 (it was part of the British Solomon Islands protectorate).

I-19

The I-19 was a B1-type sub, one of the most successful types Japan would produce. In keeping with standard Japanese tactics, the I-19 and her sister sub I-15 were deployed to interdict American vessels approaching the island. Such vessels were coming as part of “Operation Shoestring” but the American forces had already suffered considerable losses for the greatest prize in the U.S. Navy: the aircraft carriers. In the Battle of the Eastern Solomons the USS Enterprise had been so badly damaged that it had to return to Hawaii for repairs and only a week later the Japanese submarine I-26 badly damaged the USS Saratoga (Admiral Fletcher’s flagship) which left only the USS Wasp and USS Hornet. These were the targets that Commander Kinashi and his counterpart on the I-15 wanted most of all. Kinashi in the I-19 would go after the WASP while the I-15 tried to engage the Hornet. It was September 15, 1942, a clear day with sunny skies and a 20-knot trade wind blowing. Kinashi submerged his boat and moved in for the attack. Displaying immense calm and skill, he took the I-19 through the rings of deadly destroyers escorting the American carrier. As these were the only two left, their escorts were all the more determined to defend them. Running as silently as possible, Kinashi slipped underneath the floating guard dogs and, amazingly, remained undetected.

Once well clear, Kinashi ordered his diving officer to bring the boat up to periscope depth. Scanning the surface, he spotted the USS Wasp, displacing 14,900 tons and capable of holding up to a hundred aircraft, she was a formidable target. The ship was part of a task force escorting the 7th Division of the U.S. Marine Corps to Guadalcanal which, along with the Hornet, included the battleship USS North Carolina and ten other warships. Kinashi knew the odds were against him. He would get only one chance to fire and would then, most likely, be destroyed by the counter-attacking American warships. Still, he had made it through the escorts and hoped that his good fortune would hold. He ordered the maximum salvo possible, all six forward torpedo tubes were made ready in all respects. As he watched through the periscope, passing along the necessary information, another bit of good fortune came his way; the Wasp began to slow down to launch 26 planes and allow another 11 to land that were coming back from patrol. It was the perfect time. Kinashi was determined that he would hit his target and moved his boat in closer and closer, even though this increased the risk of someone spotting his periscope and spoiling his attack but he did not want to miss. It took nerves of steel but Commander Kinashi and the I-19 silently swam to within 500 meters of the massive American ship. He wasn’t spotted and things could not have worked out better if he had been giving orders to the helmsman of the WASP himself. To launch the planes, the carrier began to turn to starboard, presenting its beam (and thus the largest possible target) to the Japanese sub.

USS Wasp CV-7

Finally, with the tension onboard at maximum, Kinashi gave the order to fire. Six deadly Type 95 burst from the bow and shot through the water. The Type 95’s were the fastest torpedoes in the world and at only 500 meters, the Wasp barely had time to react to the sudden attack. Lookouts spotted the incoming torpedoes and Captain Forrest Sherman tried to turn his ship toward but it was too late. In quick succession, three torpedoes slammed into the Wasp, one even shooting out of the water to strike above the waterline. Massive explosions went off and began to spread and almost immediately the huge ship began listing heavily to starboard. The torpedoes had hit exactly where the gasoline tanks and magazines were on the carrier. Within about 30 minutes Captain Sherman gave the order to abandon ship. The Wasp was finished.

Of course, as soon as Commander Kinashi fired his torpedoes, he slammed the periscope down and took his boat deep, knowing that a counter-attack by the circling destroyers was soon to come. The U.S. Navy did not disappoint as destroyers circled over head, groping the depths with sonar and lobbing depth charges at the unseen attacker. It was the I-15 which confirmed the sinking of the Wasp since Kinashi was deep below the surface trying to save his boat and his crew from being blasted into little pieces. The attack of the I-15 on Hornet, five miles away, had not been successful. For Kinashi and the I-19, they endured the worst experience possible for submariners as the American destroyers dropped no less than eighty depth charges in the frantic effort to destroy them. Yet, Kinashi and his men did not panic and amazingly managed to survive the ordeal and successfully escape from the American fleet. Once clear, Kinashi surfaced his boat and as the men came out, gasping for fresh air, they knew they were heroes. They had done what very few men in naval history had ever accomplished: sank an American aircraft carrier. They had even lived to tell the tale.

Kinashi and his men returned to Japan for a hero’s welcome. Kinashi, who had finished last in his class and whose career had always seemed rather lackluster, was promoted to full commander and summoned to the Imperial Palace to report on the sinking and receive the congratulations of His Majesty the Emperor. For a Japanese naval officer, there was no greater honor possible. Kinashi was formal and correct, he had done his duty as he had been trained to. In fact, being brought before the Emperor was probably a source of greater anxiety than facing a fleet of American warships had been. In terms of his naval career, Kinashi had reached his pinnacle and would not see such success again. The following year, near Fiji, he torpedoed and badly damaged an American liberty ship but inexplicably failed to finish it off. However, in December of 1943 he was tasked with a most dangerous mission. In command of the I-29 he would travel through three oceans to pay a visit to Japan’s Nazi allies in Europe. At the former British bastion of Singapore the I-29 was filled with rubber, tin, tungsten, opium and other items before sailing off for France. Thanks to their code-breakers, the Allies knew all about the voyage of the I-29 and where it was going, yet, Commander Kinashi skillfully avoided discovery.

Kinashi at a banquet given by the Germans

On March 11, 1944 the I-29 safely arrived at the port of Lorient, France where her cargo was unloaded and the crew were treated as the special guests of the Germans. Commander Kinashi was taken to Berlin to be congratulated by Adolf Hitler for sinking an American carrier, for which the Nazi dictator personally decorated Kinashi with the Iron Cross (second class). In April, filled to the top with important passengers and the latest German designs for everything from radar to rocket engines, the I-29 left France for the return trip to Japan. Unfortunately, none of the men on the I-29 would ever see their homeland again. American intelligence was tracking the Japanese submarine more closely this time and as the boat passed through the Luzon Strait near the Philippines on July 26, 1944 was hit by three torpedoes and totally destroyed by the American submarine USS Sawfish. Commander Kinashi and all his men and passengers were killed. When the naval high command in Japan realized that the I-29 had been lost, Commander Kinashi was posthumously promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral in recognition of his outstanding service.

And yet, that service was more outstanding than anyone knew. On that critical day in 1942, I-19 had fired six torpedoes at what, in naval terms, was practically point blank range and yet only three had struck the WASP. What of the other three? It would be some time before the truth was known. On that same day, the accompanying battleship USS North Carolina had been struck by a torpedo on her port side, killing five men and causing considerable damage (only the quick and expert work of the damage control teams prevented the ship from sinking). The destroyer USS O’Brien was also hit on the port side by a torpedo and was so badly damaged that she later sunk. For years it was assumed that the I-15, targeting the Hornet, had hit these ships with the torpedoes she had fired at the carrier with but missed. Eventually, however, careful study showed that this was not possible, they could not have come from the I-15. Suddenly, the naval experts realized what an incredible thing had happened. When Kinashi fired his salvo at the WASP, three torpedoes struck and sank the carrier but the other three continued on, over the horizon, running for some twelve miles before slamming in the North Carolina and then the O’Brien. Everyone then realized that Commander Kinashi Takakazu had made the single more successfully destructive attack in naval history. With one salvo of torpedoes he had sunk an aircraft carrier, a destroyer and heavily damaged a battleship even if he did not know it at the time.

It is for that reason that the name of Rear Admiral Kinashi Takakazu is still a legend in the submarine community today and why he will always have a place in naval history. No one shot ever did so much damage to the enemy as the one he fired from beneath the waves on that sunny day in 1942 off Guadalcanal. Kinashi may not have the highest score among submarine commanders but he accomplished something that no one else ever did or is ever likely to and for that he holds a very singular place of honor.

Submarine Heroes of Japan

In the Second World War, the Empire of Japan had a large and versatile submarine force with many very innovative designs. However, they were not utilized to their full potential, to the detriment of the Japanese war effort. However, Japanese submarine designs were so advanced that they influenced subsequent American submarine technology in the Cold War and Japan also produced a number of very successful submarine commanders who accomplished great deeds for the Emperor and people of Japan.

Lt. Commander Takakazu Kinashi, captain of I-19 who, on September 15, 1942 made the single most successful submarine attack in history when he fired one salvo of torpedoes that took out the aircraft carrier USS Wasp, damaged the battleship USS North Carolina and sank the destroyer USS O'Brien.

Lt. Commander Yahachi Tanabe, captain of I-168 who, at the Battle of Midway, shelled Midway island, steered under a screen of destroyers and sank the aircraft carrier USS Yorktown and the destroyer USS Hammann. Tanabe and his sub survived a massive counter-attack to return home to Japan.

Commander Yokota Minoru, captain of I-26, sank a lumber freighter off California and another freighter later as well as shelling a lighthouse that caused all such installations to be shut down. Biggest hits were the crippling of the carrier USS Saratoga and the sinking of the cruiser USS Juneau (with the Sullivan brothers), making I-26 the third most successful Japanese sub by tonnage sunk.

Commander Matsumura Kanji, captain of I-21, was the most successful submarine commander to hunt the Australian coast. He sank an oil tanker off the Canadian coast, shelled Australian shore facilities and in total sank about 40-45,000 tons of shipping in 2 patrols around Australia.

Commander Mochitsura Hashimoto, captain of I-58, damaged two American destroyers with Kaiten suicide torpedoes but achieved his greatest success with the conventional sinking of the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis just after it had delivered the first atomic bomb to Tinian.

Lt. Commander Meiji Tagami, captain of I-25, who sank one merchant ship while on the way to fly recon missions over Australia. He went on to shell the Oregon coast and to use his scout plane to drop incendiary bombs on the American Pacific Northwest to start wildfires.

Japanese Submarine Victory at Midway

田辺弥八

It was on this day in 1942, at the end of the Battle of Midway, that a certain Japanese submarine struck a heavy blow against the United States Navy and elevated one Japanese sub commander to the status of an underwater ace. The man was Lieutenant Commander Yahachi Tanabe and his boat was the Kaidai class, series 6, submarine I-168. Deployed to the island of Midway, the I-168 circled in from the south and first only observed the island from a distance, taking note of the air defenses and overall state of readiness. On the night of June 5, the I-168 surfaced near Midway and fired six shells from her deck gun at the island before being spotted and forced to submerge again. American aircraft were quickly dispatched to sink the I-168 but their attacks were unsuccessful. The submarine surfaced and on June 6 received orders to close in and attack the crippled American aircraft carrier USS Yorktown (CV-5). It was the order to carry out the attack that would prove to be the most successful strike by a Japanese submarine during the war.

伊号第一六八潜水艦

The USS Yorktown had already been damaged in the Battle of the Coral Sea, which had been a tactical victory for Japan, but the emergency of the Battle of Midway forced her back into action. During the battle, Yorktown was hit by Japanese dive bombers but kept the damage under control and was able to continue on. Then, the massive ship was hit by torpedo planes and suffered extensive damage and the crew were ordered to abandon ship. However, it was expected that it could be salvaged, repaired and return to the fight in the future. American destroyers prowled all around the carrier, picking up the crew and making preparations to pull the ship back to Hawaii for repairs. That, however, is when they were spotted by Lt. Commander Yahachi Tanabe on the bridge of I-168. He had orders to finish off the carrier so that it could not threaten Japan again and he was determined to carry out those orders successfully. The approach alone would take a great deal of skill and nerve even for a veteran sailor in order to get into a favorable firing position but Commander Tanabe was more than equal to the task.

雷撃されたヨークタウンとハマン（再現）

Lieutenant Commander Tanabe Yahachi was a native of Kagawa Prefecture on Shikoku Island who graduated from the naval academy in 1928 and he had been through extensive torpedo and dive training. I-168 submerged and slowly crept forward toward the massive American aircraft carrier. All the debris in the water from the battle made it very dangerous but it also helped I-168 to hide itself as none of the American destroyers noticed the submarine approaching. Commander Tanabe passed right underneath the cordon of destroyers and positioned himself in just the right spot with the USS Yorktown and the destroyer USS Hammann right in his sights. Taking careful aim through the periscope, he fired off a spread of four torpedoes, sending two into the Yorktown (a third missed) and one into the Hammann. The Hammann shuddered under the massive explosion and sank in less than five minutes. The Yorktown was mortally wounded but was so tough a ship that it still lasted until the following day when it finally sank beneath the waves. This was the biggest success of the otherwise unfortunate Battle of Midway for Japan and it left the United States with only two aircraft carriers in the Pacific Ocean at the time.

Of course, in the immediate aftermath of the attack, the I-168 came under fierce attack by the other American destroyers that had been guarding the Yorktown. Three US Navy destroyers pounded the I-168 with more than sixty depth charges, inflicting some serious damage. However, the crew were able to keep it under control and the submarine escaped. Later, after being able to come to the surface, I-168 was spotted and fired on by American ships but, once again, managed to escape. The submarine limped back to Japan but arrived to a hero’s welcome. Ultimately, like all the other boats of her class, the I-168 did not survive the war but was sunk in 1943 with all hands off the island of New Hanover by an American destroyer. However, Lieutenant Commander Yahachi Tanabe was lucky enough to survive the war. He was promoted to Commander, made an instructor and worked in company management after the war until his retirement. He died on April 29, 1990 at the age of 84 but he will always be remembered as one of the greatest Japanese submarine commanders in history for his stunning attack on the last day of the Battle of Midway.

Sen Toku class Super Submarines 伊四百型潜水艦

IJN Aircraft Carriers Art Part II

The Shokaku

The Soryu

The Taiho

The Taiyo

The Unryu

The Zuikaku

IJN Aircraft Carriers Art Part I

The Akagi (my favorite carrier of all)

The Hiryu

The Junyo

The Kaga (great ship)

The Ryujo

The Shinan

New Ship Launched

Today Japan launched a new vessel for the Maritime Self-Defense Force, the flat-topped destroyer / helicopter carrier "Izumo". This is the largest warship produced by Japan since the days of the old Imperial Japanese Navy. Of course, the communist bandit government in Peking has expressed "concern" about this ship and the possibility that it could be modified to be an actual aircraft carrier. Yes, Red China, which has a navy twice the size of the Maritime Self-Defense Force, which recently bought a rusty old carrier on the cheap from the Russians with plans going ahead to build one of their own, is alarmed by Japan launching this one ship. That should tell people a lot about how insecure the communist Chinese are about their naval forces. Let them. Let them be aware and not forget that Japanese naval forces have a history of winning victories over forces far larger than their own. Cheers to the new ship and God bless all those who sail in her.